[Association between particulate matter from biomass burning and respiratory diseases in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon]. / Associação entre material particulado de queimadas e doenças respiratórias na região sul da Amazônia brasileira.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term effects of exposure to particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon on the daily demand for outpatient care due to respiratory diseases in children and the elderly. METHODS: Epidemiologic study with ecologic time series design. Daily consultation records were obtained from the 14 primary health care clinics in the municipality of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon, between January 2004 and December 2005. Information on the daily levels of fine particulate matter was made available by the Brazilian National Institute for Spatial Research. To control for confounding factors (situations in which a non-causal association between exposure and disease is observed due to a third variable), variables related to time trends, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and calendar effects (such as occurrence of holidays and weekends) were included in the model. Poisson regression with generalized additive models was used. RESULTS: A 10 microg/m3 increase in the level of exposure to particulate matter was associated with increases of 2.9% and 2.6% in outpatient consultations due to respiratory diseases in children on the 6th and 7th days following exposure. Significant associations were not observed for elderly individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the levels of particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon are associated with adverse effects on the respiratory health of children.

Impact on human health of particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact on human health of exposure to particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This was an ecological study using an environmental exposure indicator presented as the percentage of annual hours (AH%) of PM2.5 above 80 microg/m3. The outcome variables were the rates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease among children, the elderly and the intermediate age group, and due to childbirth. Data were obtained from the National Space Research Institute and the Ministry of Health for all of the microregions of the Brazilian Amazon region, for the years 2004 and 2005. Multiple regression models for the outcome variables in relation to the predictive variable AH% of PM2.5 above 80 microg/m3 were analyzed. The Human Development Index (HDI) and mean number of complete blood counts per 100 inhabitants in the Brazilian Amazon region were the control variables in the regression analyses. RESULTS: The association of the exposure indicator (AH%) was higher for the elderly than for other age groups (beta = 0.10). For each 1% increase in the exposure indicator there was an increase of 8% in child hospitalization, 10% in hospitalization of the elderly, and 5% for the intermediate age group, even after controlling for HDI and mean number of complete blood counts. No association was found between the AH% and hospitalization due to childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: The indicator of atmospheric pollution showed an association with occurrences of respiratory diseases in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in the more vulnerable age groups. This indicator may be used to assess the effects of forest burning on human health.

Impact on human health of particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region / Impactos na saúde humana de partículas emitidas por queimadas na Amazônia brasileira

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact on human health of exposure to particulate matter emitted from burnings in the Brazilian Amazon region. METHODS: This was an ecological study using an environmental exposure indicator presented as the percentage of annual hours (AH percent) of PM2.5 above 80 μg/m3. The outcome variables were the rates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease among children, the elderly and the intermediate age group, and due to childbirth. Data were obtained from the National Space Research Institute and the Ministry of Health for all of the microregions of the Brazilian Amazon region, for the years 2004 and 2005. Multiple regression models for the outcome variables in relation to the predictive variable AH percent of PM2.5 above 80 μg/m3 were analyzed. The Human Development Index (HDI) and mean number of complete blood counts per 100 inhabitants in the Brazilian Amazon region were the control variables in the regression analyses. RESULTS: The association of the exposure indicator (AH percent) was higher for the elderly than for other age groups (β = 0.10). For each 1 percent increase in the exposure indicator there was an increase of 8 percent in child hospitalization, 10 percent in hospitalization of the elderly, and 5 percent for the intermediate age group, even after controlling for HDI and mean number of complete blood counts. No association was found between the AH percent and hospitalization due to childbirth. CONCLUSIONS: The indicator of atmospheric pollution showed an association with occurrences of respiratory diseases in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in the more vulnerable age groups. This indicator may be used to assess the effects of forest burning on human health.

OBJETIVO: Analisar o impacto à saúde humana pela exposição ao material particulado das emissões de queimadas na Amazônia brasileira. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico utilizando o indicador de exposição ambiental apresentado como percentagem anual de horas (AH por cento) de PM2,5 acima de 80 μg/m³ e como desfecho taxas de hospitalização por doenças respiratórias em crianças, idosos e grupos etários intermediários e taxas de hospitalização por parto. Os dados foram obtidos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais e do Ministério da Saúde para todas as microrregiões da Amazônia Brasileira, nos anos 2004 e 2005. Foram analisados modelos de regressão múltipla das variáveis de desfecho com a variável preditora AH por cento acima de 80 μg/m³ para PM2,5. O Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o número médio de hemogramas por 100 habitantes na região da Amazônia brasileira foram variáveis de controle nas análises de regressão. RESULTADOS: Observou-se maior associação do indicador de exposição (AH por cento) para os idosos do que para outros grupos etários (β = 0,10). Para cada ponto percentual de aumento no indicador de exposição, houve aumento de 10 por cento na taxa de hospitalização de idosos, 8 por cento em internações de crianças, e 5 por cento para a faixa etária intermediária, mesmo ajustando por IDH e número médio de hemogramas. Não foi encontrada associação entre AH por cento e a taxa de hospitalização por parto. CONCLUSÕES: O indicador de poluição atmosférica mostrou associação com a ocorrência de doenças respiratórias, em especial nos grupos etários mais vulneráveis da Amazônia brasileira, podendo ser utilizado na abordagem dos efeitos da queima das florestas na saúde humana.

Associação entre material particulado de queimadas e doenças respiratórias na região sul da Amazônia brasileira / Association between particulate matter from biomass burning and respiratory diseases in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos de curto prazo da exposição ao material particulado de queimadas da Amazônia na demanda diária de atendimento ambulatorial por doenças respiratórias de crianças e de idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico com delineamento ecológico de séries temporais. Os registros diários de atendimento ambulatorial foram obtidos nas 14 unidades de saúde do município de Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, região sul da Amazônia brasileira, no período de janeiro de 2004 a dezembro de 2005. Informação sobre os níveis diários de material particulado fino foi disponibilizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais. Para controlar possíveis fatores de confusão (situações nas quais uma associação não causal entre exposição e doença é observada devido a uma terceira variável), foram adicionadas ao modelo variáveis referentes a tendência temporal, sazonalidade, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, precipitação pluviométrica e efeitos de calendário (como ocorrência de feriados e finais de semana). Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson via modelos aditivos generalizados. RESULTADOS: Um incremento de 10 µg/m³ nos níveis de exposição ao material particulado esteve associado a aumentos de 2,9 e 2,6 por cento nos atendimentos ambulatoriais por doenças respiratórias de crianças no 6º e 7º dias subsequentes à exposição. Não foram encontradas associações significativas nos atendimentos de idosos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem que os níveis de material particulado das queimadas na Amazônia estão associados a efeitos adversos à saúde respiratória de crianças.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term effects of exposure to particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon on the daily demand for outpatient care due to respiratory diseases in children and the elderly. METHODS: Epidemiologic study with ecologic time series design. Daily consultation records were obtained from the 14 primary health care clinics in the municipality of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, in the southern region of the Brazilian Amazon, between January 2004 and December 2005. Information on the daily levels of fine particulate matter was made available by the Brazilian National Institute for Spatial Research. To control for confounding factors (situations in which a non-causal association between exposure and disease is observed due to a third variable), variables related to time trends, seasonality, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and calendar effects (such as occurrence of holidays and weekends) were included in the model. Poisson regression with generalized additive models was used. RESULTS: A 10 μg/m³ increase in the level of exposure to particulate matter was associated with increases of 2.9 percent and 2.6 percent in outpatient consultations due to respiratory diseases in children on the 6th and 7th days following exposure. Significant associations were not observed for elderly individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the levels of particulate matter from biomass burning in the Amazon are associated with adverse effects on the respiratory health of children.